lsb_release: command not found... : Linux/ Database Admin

As Database Admin, Linux Admin, or system admin, you must have come across this error or situation, 

Here I was trying to see release details of the Linux operating system using the lsb_release command but it failed with the below error. 

On seeing this error, I thought lsb_release was not installed on the server, so I tried to install using the yum command but it failed with the error "Error: Unable to find a match: lsb_release" 

[root@localhost bin]# lsb_release 

bash: lsb_release: command not found...

 

[root@localhost bin]# yum install lsb_release

Last metadata expiration check: 0:07:24 ago on Sat 30 Dec 2023 11:04:11 AM UTC.

No match for argument: lsb_release

Error: Unable to find a match: lsb_release

[root@localhost bin]# 

 

So here is the trick, you need to identify which package provides this command using the below method

[root@localhost bin]# yum whatprovides lsb_release

Last metadata expiration check: 0:05:10 ago on Sat 30 Dec 2023 11:04:11 AM UTC.

redhat-lsb-core-4.1-47.0.1.el8.i686 : LSB Core module support

Repo        : ol8_appstream

Matched from:

Filename    : /usr/bin/lsb_release

redhat-lsb-core-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64 : LSB Core module support

Repo        : ol8_appstream

Matched from:

Filename    : /usr/bin/lsb_release

[root@localhost bin]# 

 

Here we see package redhat-lsb-core provides the lsb_release command, so to access lsb_release we need to install the redhat-lsb-core package, let's try to install it

 

[root@localhost bin]# yum install redhat-lsb-core

Last metadata expiration check: 0:12:20 ago on Sat 30 Dec 2023 11:04:11 AM UTC.

Dependencies resolved.

==============================================================================================================================================================

 Package                                        Architecture               Version                                Repository                             Size

==============================================================================================================================================================

Installing:

 redhat-lsb-core                                x86_64                     4.1-47.0.1.el8                         ol8_appstream                          46 k

Installing dependencies:

 m4                                             x86_64                     1.4.18-7.el8                           ol8_baseos_latest                     222 k

 mailx                                          x86_64                     12.5-29.el8                            ol8_baseos_latest                     257 k

 ncurses-compat-libs                            x86_64                     6.1-9.20180224.el8                     ol8_baseos_latest                     328 k

 patch                                          x86_64                     2.7.6-11.el8                           ol8_baseos_latest                     139 k

 postfix                                        x86_64                     2:3.5.8-7.el8                          ol8_baseos_latest                     1.5 M

 redhat-lsb-submod-security                     x86_64                     4.1-47.0.1.el8                         ol8_appstream                          22 k

 spax                                           x86_64                     1.5.3-13.el8                           ol8_baseos_latest                     217 k

 

Transaction Summary

==============================================================================================================================================================

Install  8 Packages

 

Total download size: 2.7 M

Installed size: 7.0 M

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Downloading Packages:

(1/8): mailx-12.5-29.el8.x86_64.rpm                                                                                           980 kB/s | 257 kB     00:00    

(2/8): m4-1.4.18-7.el8.x86_64.rpm                                                                                             820 kB/s | 222 kB     00:00    

(3/8): ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-9.20180224.el8.x86_64.rpm                                                                      1.1 MB/s | 328 kB     00:00    

(4/8): patch-2.7.6-11.el8.x86_64.rpm                                                                                          1.3 MB/s | 139 kB     00:00    

(5/8): spax-1.5.3-13.el8.x86_64.rpm                                                                                           2.1 MB/s | 217 kB     00:00    

(6/8): redhat-lsb-core-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64.rpm                                                                              691 kB/s |  46 kB     00:00    

(7/8): redhat-lsb-submod-security-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64.rpm                                                                   468 kB/s |  22 kB     00:00    

(8/8): postfix-3.5.8-7.el8.x86_64.rpm                                                                                         5.6 MB/s | 1.5 MB     00:00    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total                                                                                                                         4.9 MB/s | 2.7 MB     00:00     

Running transaction check

Transaction check succeeded.

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded.

Running transaction

  Preparing        :                                                                                                                                      1/1 

  Installing       : redhat-lsb-submod-security-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64                                                                                     1/8 

  Installing       : spax-1.5.3-13.el8.x86_64                                                                                                             2/8 

  Running scriptlet: spax-1.5.3-13.el8.x86_64                                                                                                             2/8 

  Running scriptlet: postfix-2:3.5.8-7.el8.x86_64                                                                                                         3/8 

  Installing       : postfix-2:3.5.8-7.el8.x86_64                                                                                                         3/8 

  Running scriptlet: postfix-2:3.5.8-7.el8.x86_64                                                                                                         3/8 

  Installing       : patch-2.7.6-11.el8.x86_64                                                                                                            4/8 

  Installing       : ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-9.20180224.el8.x86_64                                                                                        5/8 

  Installing       : mailx-12.5-29.el8.x86_64                                                                                                             6/8 

  Installing       : m4-1.4.18-7.el8.x86_64                                                                                                               7/8 

  Running scriptlet: m4-1.4.18-7.el8.x86_64                                                                                                               7/8 

  Installing       : redhat-lsb-core-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64                                                                                                8/8 

  Running scriptlet: redhat-lsb-core-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64                                                                                                8/8 

  Verifying        : m4-1.4.18-7.el8.x86_64                                                                                                               1/8 

  Verifying        : mailx-12.5-29.el8.x86_64                                                                                                             2/8 

  Verifying        : ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-9.20180224.el8.x86_64                                                                                        3/8 

  Verifying        : patch-2.7.6-11.el8.x86_64                                                                                                            4/8 

  Verifying        : postfix-2:3.5.8-7.el8.x86_64                                                                                                         5/8 

  Verifying        : spax-1.5.3-13.el8.x86_64                                                                                                             6/8 

  Verifying        : redhat-lsb-core-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64                                                                                                7/8 

  Verifying        : redhat-lsb-submod-security-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64                                                                                     8/8 

 

Installed:

  m4-1.4.18-7.el8.x86_64          mailx-12.5-29.el8.x86_64                 ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-9.20180224.el8.x86_64       patch-2.7.6-11.el8.x86_64   

  postfix-2:3.5.8-7.el8.x86_64    redhat-lsb-core-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64    redhat-lsb-submod-security-4.1-47.0.1.el8.x86_64    spax-1.5.3-13.el8.x86_64    

 

Complete!

[root@localhost bin]# 

 

After installation, I was able to access it 

 

[root@localhost bin]# lsb_release 

LSB Version:   :core-4.1-amd64:core-4.1-noarch

[root@localhost bin]# 

 

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To Know details about Linux OS :Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL and MongoDB

In this small article, we are going to see different commands to check the OS version in Linux and other details about the operating system

Here are a few files and commands that can be used

1. Command uname:

Usage uname -a

[oracle@localhost ~]$  uname -a

Linux localhost.localdomain 5.15.0-8.91.4.1.el8uek.x86_64 #2 SMP Tue Mar 7 18:28:34 PST 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

[oracle@localhost ~]$

This command displays the type of os, OS release, OS version version, hardware name, and processor type

2. Command lsb_release:

Usage:lsb_release -a

[root@localhost ~]# lsb_release -a

LSB Version:   :core-4.1-amd64:core-4.1-noarch

Distributor ID:     OracleServer

Description:   Oracle Linux Server release 8.7

Release:  8.7

Codename: n/a

[root@localhost ~]#

This command would display information including the Distributor ID, Description, OS Release, and Codename.

3. File /etc/os-release

Usage: cat /etc/os-release   or more /etc/os-release

This file contains almost all the details about the operating system

4. File /etc/issue:

Usage:  cat /etc/issue  or more /etc/issue

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/issue

\S

Kernel \r on an \m

[root@localhost ~]#

This command will give an idea about the kernel details of the operating system

Based on the requirement, you can use a command or file. 

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Installation of Python 3.10 on windows

This is going to be a short article with just a few steps for the installation of python

Step 1: download python for windows for installation from https://www.python.org/downloads/windows

Step 2: click on .exe file for execution, you will see below the window

click on Add Python 3.10 to PATH as well. then click on Install Now 

Step 3: Monitor installation progress

Step 4: Click on finish /close

Step 4: Verify- open the command prompt and type the command python, it will display the version of python

Read here: Introduction and running the first program 

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Basic Operations on MySQL Users

In this article we are going to discuss about different operations on mysql user like lock, unlock, grant, revoke etc.

• Lock-unlock
• Expire-unexpired
• Check privileges
• Revoke privileges
• Change password
• Rename user (single user, multiple user)
• Drop user

User list can be fetched using query mentioned below in the database

select user,host,authentication_string,password_expired,account_locked from user where user like 'test%';

We can all accounts are unlocked and password not expired. We will perform operations one by one

LOCK and UNLOCK

Let’s lock and unlock test@%
Locking the account
    alter user ‘test’@’%’ account lock;
Checking the status
    select user,host,authentication_string,password_expired,account_locked from user where user like 'test%';

Unlocking it again
    alter user ‘test’@’%’ account unlock;

This will affect only test@% not test@localhost, both are different users.

EXPIRE

Let’s expire password for 'test'@'localhost' and revert it
alter user ‘test’@’localhost’ password expire;

Verification
    select user,host,authentication_string,password_expired,account_locked from user where user like 'test%';

Password reset using values
    alter user ‘test’@’localhost’ identified with ‘mysq_native_password’ as   ‘*5BA7FD292EB16719F76792ECAF589CE4B62CCC94’;

Verifying status again
    select user,host,authentication_string,password_expired,account_locked from user where user like 'test%';

CHECK PRIVILEGES
show grants for ‘test2’@’locahost’;


REVOKE PRIVILEGES
In below example grants of test2@localhost has been revoked
show grants for ‘test2’@’localhost’;
revoke SELECT, INSERT, DELETE CREATE, DROP, RELOAD, ALETER ON *.* from ‘test2’@’localhost’;
flush privileges;
show grants for ‘test2’@’localhost’;


CHANGING PASSWORD
In below example password of test3@% has been altered.
select user, host, authentication_string, password_expired, account_locked from user where user like 'test%';
alter user ‘test3’@’%’ identified by ‘Hudrt#12’;
select user, host, authentication_string, password_expired, account_locked from user where user like 'test%';


RENAME USER
show grants for ‘test1’@’localhost’;

Single user 

In mysql we can rename the user without dropping it but modification needs to be carried wherever it is not getting used, grants will not get altered

Single user- in below example ‘test1’@’localhost’ user has been renamed with ‘xyz1’@’localhost’

rename user ‘test1’@’localhost’ to ‘xyz1’@’localhost’;
show grants for ‘xyz1’@’localhost’;
select user, host, authentication_string, password_expired, account_locked from user where user like xyz1%';

Multiple user
select user, host, authentication_string, password_expired, account_locked from user where user like 'test%';
rename user ‘test’@’localhost’ to ‘abc’@’%’,
            ‘test’@’%’ to ‘abc’@’localhost’;
select user, host, authentication_string, password_expired, account_locked from user where user like 'test%';
select user, host, authentication_string, password_expired, account_locked from user where user like 'abc%';


DROP USER
In below example we are dropped abc user
select user,host from user where user=’abc’;
drop user ‘abc’@’localhost’;
select user,host from user where user=’abc’;
drop user  ‘abc’@’%’;
select user,host from user where user=’abc’;

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Transferring file from one server to another server [FTP, SFTP, SCP etc]

There are number of ways to transfer file from one server to another server, below are the few methods to to achieve the same

1. ftp
2. sftp
3. scp
4. windows software (Filehippo, WinScp , FileZilla etc)

We will discuss these in details

1. FTP transfer

File Transfer Protocols basically is set of rules on computer network to communicate with one another. This FTP tool or utility can be used to transfer files from one server to another server.

Below are the commands to use ftp

$ftp
User : 
Password :
ftp> bin  -- to transfer in binary format
ftp> cd
ftp> put/get -- put for sending from one server to another and get is vice versa
ftp>bye

2. SFTP transfer

As name suggest SFTP is secure file transfer protocol, it uses full security and authentication functionality of SSH. SFTP is new utility compared to FTP and recommended to use instead of FTP
This utility can be used using below commands
$sftp @
password : ***
sftp>cd
sftp> put/get -- put for sending from one server to another and get is vice versa
sftp> bye

3.SCP 

SCP is used for securely copying files from one server system to another server system. 
Below is syntax for the same

scp [OPTION] [user@]src_server:] file1 [user@]target_server:]file2
where 
[user@]src_server:] file1 -- source file
[user@]target_server:]file2 -- destination file

for example
scp text_file.txt  @:/

4. Windows software

There are number of freely available software on internet, choose your favourite one and transfer files using simple GUI
Below are few I came across

• FileZilla
• Filehippo
• WinScp
• FireFTP

Read More

ERROR 1221 (HY000): Incorrect usage of DB GRANT and GLOBAL PRIVILEGES

In previous articles, we have learned about user creation and grants in MySQL in detail, but there are a few privileges called global privileges that are meant to be granted to DBA accounts only
for example
PROCESS privileges is a global privilege. 
we will try to grant it to user tech_user on author database

mysql>grant process on author.* to tech_user;

ERROR 1221 (HY000): Incorrect usage of DB GRANT and GLOBAL PRIVILEGES

Here we see it failed with error 1221 (HY000).

In order to resolve this error, we need to reconsider this grant statement and its usage.
we must know global privileges can not be granted to the individual database, instead, it should be on all databases. i.e. use of *.* instead of an author.*

so the statement should look like this

grant process on *.* to tech_user;

Below are some of the well know global privileges

• FILE
• PROCESS
• REPLICATION CLIENT
• REPLICATION SLAVE
• SUPER

In the below way, grants can be executed using the root account without error. 

mysql> grant file on *.* to tech_user;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01sec)

mysql>flush privileges;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01sec)

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MySQL: pid-file (process id file)

In previous articles have gone through options available with mysql_safe, one of the option is pid file i.e. process identifier file

• The server writes its process id into pid file when mysql services are started and removes file when stopped.
• The pid file is the means by which a server allows itself to be found by other processes.

Location
default location of  pid file is data directory or it can be specified by specific variable 
pid-file=file_name
generally pid file is given as hostname.pid

Content
The pid file content the process identification number of mysqld process, you can see content by using below command
cat

and also see the process id  of mysql daemon process using 
ps -ef|grep mysqld

you can see content of pid file and this process id identified using ps -ef command are same.

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